What is Agile methodology?

Agile is a software development approach that emphasizes iterative development, collaboration between cross-functional teams, and customer feedback.

What are the core principles of Agile?

Agile principles include customer satisfaction, embracing change, delivering working software frequently, collaborating with customers, and promoting sustainable development.

What is Scrum?

Scrum is a framework within Agile methodology that defines roles, events, and artifacts in software development. It emphasizes iterative development in short cycles called sprints.

class Scrum:
    def __init__(self):
        self.roles = ['Product Owner', 'Scrum Master', 'Development Team']
        self.events = ['Sprint', 'Sprint Review', 'Sprint Retrospective']
        self.artifacts = ['Product Backlog', 'Sprint Backlog', 'Increment']

Explain the roles in Scrum.

The roles in Scrum include Product Owner, Scrum Master, and Development Team. The Product Owner represents stakeholders, the Scrum Master facilitates the team, and the Development Team delivers the product increment.

What are Scrum artifacts?

Scrum artifacts include Product Backlog, Sprint Backlog, and Increment. Product Backlog lists all desired work on the product, Sprint Backlog contains tasks for the Sprint, and Increment is the sum of all completed tasks.

What is a Sprint?

A Sprint is a time-boxed iteration in Scrum, typically lasting 2-4 weeks, where a potentially shippable product increment is produced.

What is a User Story?

A User Story is a concise description of a software feature from an end-user perspective, used for Agile development.

class UserStory:
    def __init__(self, title, description, acceptance_criteria):
        self.title = title
        self.description = description
        self.acceptance_criteria = acceptance_criteria

    def display(self):
        print(f"Title: {self.title}\nDescription: {self.description}\nAcceptance Criteria: {self.acceptance_criteria}")

What is a Product Backlog?

The Product Backlog is a prioritized list of all desired work on the product, maintained by the Product Owner.

What is a Sprint Review?

A Sprint Review is a meeting at the end of each Sprint where the team presents the completed work to stakeholders and receives feedback.

What is a Sprint Retrospective?

A Sprint Retrospective is a meeting at the end of each Sprint where the team reflects on their processes and identifies areas for improvement.

class SprintReview:
    def __init__(self, sprint_number, attended_by):
        self.sprint_number = sprint_number
        self.attended_by = attended_by

    def conduct_review(self):
        print(f"Sprint Review for Sprint {self.sprint_number} conducted. Attendees: {', '.join(self.attended_by)}")

What is a Burndown Chart?

A Burndown Chart is a visual representation of the work completed versus the work remaining in a Sprint or project.

What is the difference between Agile and Waterfall?

Some key diffrences between Agile and Waterfall methodologies:

Aspect	Agile	Waterfall
Development Approach	Iterative and incremental approach.	Sequential and linear approach.
Flexibility	Embraces change and welcomes feedback throughout the project.	Rigid structure with minimal flexibility once requirements are defined.
Requirements	Requirements evolve through collaboration with stakeholders.	Requirements are defined upfront and typically remain fixed throughout the project.
Delivery	Delivers working software in short, iterative cycles (Sprints).	Delivers the entire product at the end of the project lifecycle.
Customer Involvement	Customers are involved throughout the development process, providing feedback and guidance.	Limited customer involvement until final delivery.
Risk Management	Identifies and mitigates risks continuously throughout the project.	Risks are addressed at the beginning of the project, and changes may be difficult to accommodate.
Adaptability	Adapts to changing market conditions and requirements.	Less adaptable to changes once the project is underway.
Transparency	Encourages transparency and collaboration among team members and stakeholders.	Limited transparency due to minimal customer involve

What is Continuous Integration?

Continuous Integration is a practice where developers frequently integrate their code into a shared repository, allowing automated builds and tests to detect errors early.

class ContinuousIntegration:
    def __init__(self, repository):
        self.repository = repository

    def automate_build(self):
        print(f"Automated build triggered for repository: {self.repository}")

What is Continuous Delivery?

Continuous Delivery is the practice of ensuring that code is always in a deployable state, enabling rapid and reliable software releases.

What is the difference between Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment?

The difference between Continuous Integration (CI) and Continuous Deployment (CD) lies in their scope and objectives within the software development and deployment process.

Aspect	Continuous Integration (CI)	Continuous Deployment (CD)
Objective	Automate the process of integrating code changes frequently and automatically.	Automate the process of deploying code changes to production environments rapidly and continuously.
Scope	Focuses on integrating code changes into a shared repository and ensuring code quality through automated testing.	Extends the CI process by automating the deployment pipeline to release validated changes into production environments.
Automation	Automates building, testing, and validating code changes to detect integration issues early.	Automates the deployment pipeline to release tested and validated changes into production environments.
Deployment	Does not automatically deploy changes to production.	Automatically deploys changes to production environments after passing automated tests and validation.
Time-to-Market	Improves collaboration among developers and accelerates the integration of code changes.	Enables faster time-to-market by automating the deployment of validated changes into production environments.
Risk Management	Helps identify integration issues early, reducing the risk of code conflicts and regressions.	Requires robust testing, monitoring, and rollback mechanisms to manage the risk of deployment failures and ensure the stability of production environments.
Impact on Release Cycle	Shortens the development cycle by facilitating frequent integration and testing of code changes.	Shortens the release cycle by automating the deployment of tested and validated changes into production environments.

What is the Agile Manifesto?

The Agile Manifesto is a set of guiding values and principles for Agile software development, emphasizing individuals and interactions, working software, customer collaboration, and responding to change.

class AgileManifesto:
    def __init__(self):
        self.values = ['Individuals and interactions', 'Working software', 'Customer collaboration', 'Responding to change']
        self.principles = ['Customer satisfaction', 'Embracing change', 'Delivering working software frequently']

What is the role of the Product Owner?

The Product Owner represents the interests of stakeholders, defines the product vision, prioritizes work in the Product Backlog, and ensures the team delivers value to the customer.

What are the benefits of Agile?

Agile promotes faster time-to-market, improved quality through continuous feedback, better alignment with customer needs, increased team collaboration, and adaptability to change.

class AgileBenefits:
    def __init__(self):
        self.benefits = ['Faster time-to-market', 'Improved quality', 'Better alignment with customer needs', 'Increased team collaboration', 'Adaptability to change']

    def list_benefits(self):
        for benefit in self.benefits:
            print(f"- {benefit}")

What are the challenges of implementing Agile?

Challenges of Agile implementation include resistance to change, difficulty in estimating timelines, maintaining communication among teams, and balancing flexibility with structure.

What is the Definition of Done?

The Definition of Done is a shared understanding within the team of what criteria must be met for a product increment to be considered complete.

What is a Kanban board?

A Kanban board is a visual management tool used to track work as it moves through various stages of a process, typically represented as columns on a board.

class KanbanBoard:
    def __init__(self, columns):
        self.columns = columns

    def display_board(self):
        print("Kanban Board:")
        for column in self.columns:
            print(f"- {column}")

What is the purpose of a Daily Standup?

The Daily Standup, or Daily Scrum, is a short meeting where team members discuss their progress, plans, and any impediments, fostering communication and alignment within the team.

How do you handle changes in Agile?

In Agile, changes are embraced through frequent collaboration with stakeholders, prioritization of work based on value, and adapting plans and processes as needed.

What is the role of the Scrum Master?

The role of the Scrum Master in Agile is pivotal to facilitating the Scrum process and ensuring the team's effectiveness. Here's a concise definition:

• Facilitates the Scrum process and ensures adherence to Agile principles and practices.
• Guides and coaches the Scrum Team on self-organization and cross-functionality.
• Removes impediments that hinder the team's progress and productivity.
• Shields the team from external distractions and influences.
• Fosters collaboration and communication within the team and with stakeholders.
• Facilitates Sprint Planning, Daily Stand-ups, Sprint Reviews, and Retrospectives.
• Acts as a servant-leader, supporting the team's needs and promoting continuous improvement.

How do you prioritize items in the Product Backlog?

Items in the Product Backlog are prioritized based on their value to the customer, considering factors such as business impact, user feedback, and dependencies.

class ProductBacklog:
    def __init__(self, items):
        self.items = items

    def prioritize(self):
        self.items.sort(key=lambda x: x.priority)

What is Velocity in Agile?

Velocity in Agile is a measure of the amount of work a team can complete in a Sprint, helping to forecast future delivery and track progress over time.

How do you handle technical debt in Agile?

Handling technical debt in Agile involves recognizing its existence, prioritizing its reduction or elimination, and incorporating debt management into the development process. Here's a step-by-step approach:

• Recognizing its presence: Acknowledging the existence and impact of technical debt within the project's codebase or development process.
• Prioritizing its reduction: Identifying and ranking technical debt items based on their urgency, impact on the project, and alignment with business objectives.
• Allocating time for debt management in each Sprint: Setting aside dedicated time during Sprint planning to address technical debt alongside new feature development and other tasks.
• Regularly refactoring code: Periodically restructuring and improving the codebase to enhance readability, maintainability, and performance without changing its external behavior.
• Automating tests and quality checks: Implementing automated testing processes and quality assurance measures to detect issues early and maintain code integrity.
• Collaborating with stakeholders: Engaging with project stakeholders to gain their input, understanding, and support for addressing technical debt effectively.
• Tracking and monitoring debt: Maintaining a record of identified technical debt items, their status, and progress towards resolution to ensure visibility and accountability.
• Continuously iterating on improvement strategies: Iteratively reviewing and refining approaches for managing technical debt based on feedback, lessons learned, and evolving project needs.

What is the role of the Development Team in Scrum?

The Development Team is responsible for delivering a potentially shippable product increment each Sprint, collaborating closely with the Product Owner and Scrum Master.

What is Agile estimation?

Agile estimation involves estimating the size or effort required for completing a task or User Story, typically using techniques like Planning Poker or relative sizing.

class AgileEstimation:
    def __init__(self, task, team_capacity):
        self.task = task
        self.team_capacity = team_capacity

    def estimate(self):
        hours_per_point = 8
        points = self.task.points
        hours = points * hours_per_point
        sprints_required = hours / self.team_capacity
        return sprints_required

How do you measure the success of an Agile project?

Success in Agile is measured by factors such as customer satisfaction, delivery of working software, adherence to project timelines, and the ability to adapt to change.

What is the role of stakeholders in Agile?

The role of stakeholders in Agile is multifaceted and crucial for project success.

Stakeholders in Agile:

• Provide feedback on project direction and priorities.
• Participate in planning sessions to define and refine requirements.
• Collaborate with the Agile team to ensure alignment with business goals.
• Review and provide input on product increments during Sprint Reviews.
• Support the Agile team by removing impediments and providing resources.
• Ultimately, they play a vital role in shaping the product and ensuring it meets their needs and expectations.

How do you handle dependencies in Agile?

Dependencies in Agile are managed through close collaboration, communication, and coordination among teams, as well as by identifying and addressing dependencies early.

What is the purpose of a Sprint Planning meeting?

Sprint Planning is a meeting where the team plans the work to be done in the upcoming Sprint, selecting items from the Product Backlog and breaking them down into tasks.

How do you handle conflicts within an Agile team?

Conflicts within Agile teams are addressed openly and collaboratively, focusing on finding mutually agreeable solutions and maintaining a positive team dynamic.

class ConflictHandler:
    def __init__(self, team_members):
        self.team_members = team_members

    def resolve_conflict(self):
        print("Conflict Resolution Process:")
        for member in self.team_members:
            print(f"- Talk to {member} to understand their perspective.")

What is the role of automated testing in Agile?

Automated testing in Agile helps ensure the quality of software by enabling rapid and consistent testing of code changes, facilitating continuous integration and delivery.

What is the difference between Agile and Lean?

Agile and Lean share similar principles, but Lean focuses more on efficiency and waste reduction across the entire value stream, whereas Agile is specifically tailored to software development.

Aspect	Agile	Lean
Philosophy	Iterative approach to software development emphasizing collaboration, flexibility, and customer feedback.	Management philosophy focused on reducing waste, improving efficiency, and delivering value to customers.
Origin	Originated from the Agile Manifesto in 2001.	Originated from manufacturing principles at Toyota in the 1950s.
Scope	Primarily applied in software development but also used in other industries.	Initially applied in manufacturing but expanded to various industries including software development.
Principles	Emphasizes individuals and interactions, working software, customer collaboration, and responding to change.	Focuses on identifying and eliminating waste, maximizing value, and continuous improvement.
Methodologies	Includes frameworks like Scrum, Kanban, and Extreme Programming (XP).	Incorporates practices such as Value Stream Mapping, Just-In-Time (JIT), and Kaizen.
Customer Focus	Values customer collaboration and frequent delivery of working software.	Aims to provide maximum value to customers with minimal waste.
Process Adaptation	Encourages adaptation and flexibility to changing requirements and market conditions.	Promotes continuous improvement and adaptation to enhance efficiency and value delivery.

What is the purpose of a Spike in Agile?

A Spike is a time-boxed investigation aimed at reducing uncertainty or exploring potential solutions for a particular problem or technical challenge within a project.

What is the difference between Epic, User Story, and Task?

In Agile project management, Epics, User Stories, and Tasks are different levels of granularity for describing work items:

Aspect	Epic	User Story	Task
Definition	A large body of work that can be broken down into smaller pieces.	A small, self-contained unit of work that represents a single piece of functionality from an end-user perspective.	A specific, actionable item that needs to be completed to fulfill a User Story or Epic.
Size	Typically spans multiple Sprints.	Usually completed within a single Sprint.	Completed within a few hours to a few days.
Scope	Represents a significant feature or requirement.	Describes a desired outcome or benefit for the user.	Implements the details of a User Story.
Granularity	High-level view of the project scope.	Provides a detailed view of user requirements.	Breaks down User Stories into actionable steps.
Example	"Implement user authentication system."	"As a user, I want to log in with my email and password so that I can access my account."	- Design login page. <br> - Implement authentication logic. <br> - Write unit tests.

class Spike:
    def __init__(self, topic, duration):
        self.topic = topic
        self.duration = duration

    def conduct_spike(self):
        print(f"Spike on {self.topic} conducted for {self.duration} days.")

How do you ensure transparency in Agile?

Transparency in Agile is fostered through open communication, visible progress tracking, and shared access to information such as project plans, backlogs, and metrics.

What is the role of the Definition of Ready in Agile?

The Definition of Ready specifies criteria that a User Story must meet before it can be pulled into a Sprint, ensuring that all necessary information and prerequisites are in place for development to begin.

How do you handle technical challenges during a Sprint?

Technical challenges during a Sprint are addressed through collaboration within the Development Team, leveraging expertise, problem-solving skills, and seeking assistance from the Scrum Master or stakeholders if needed.

What is the purpose of a Sprint Goal?

A Sprint Goal provides focus and direction for the Development Team during a Sprint, guiding their efforts towards delivering a cohesive set of features or improvements that contribute to the overall project objectives.

What is the role of the Product Increment in Agile?

The Product Increment is the sum of all completed and potentially shippable work from a Sprint, representing tangible progress towards the project's goals and providing value to stakeholders.

class SprintGoal:
    def __init__(self, sprint_number, goal):
        self.sprint_number = sprint_number
        self.goal = goal

    def set_goal(self):
        print(f"Sprint {self.sprint_number} Goal: {self.goal}")

How do you ensure continuous improvement in Agile?

Continuous improvement in Agile is encouraged through regular retrospectives, where teams reflect on their processes, identify areas for enhancement, and implement changes to enhance efficiency, quality, and collaboration.

class ProductIncrement:
    def __init__(self, sprint_number, features):
        self.sprint_number = sprint_number
        self.features = features

    def display_increment(self):
        print(f"Product Increment for Sprint {self.sprint_number}:")
        for feature in self.features:
            print(f"- {feature}")

What is the role of a Definition of Ready in Agile?

The Definition of Ready outlines the criteria that a User Story must meet before it is considered ready for development, ensuring clarity, feasibility, and completeness to avoid delays and misunderstandings.

How do you manage scope changes in Agile?

Scope changes in Agile are managed through collaboration with stakeholders, prioritization of work based on value, and flexibility in adapting plans and backlogs to accommodate changing requirements or feedback.

What is the role of a Sprint Review in Agile?

The Sprint Review provides an opportunity for stakeholders to inspect the Increment, provide feedback, and collaborate with the Development Team on refining requirements or adjusting priorities for future Sprints.

How do you ensure alignment between Agile teams and business goals?

Alignment between Agile teams and business goals is achieved through regular communication, involvement of stakeholders in planning and review activities, and a shared understanding of project objectives and priorities.

class SprintReview:
    def __init__(self, sprint_number, attendees):
        self.sprint_number = sprint_number
        self.attendees = attendees

    def conduct_review(self):
        print(f"Sprint Review for Sprint {self.sprint_number} conducted with attendees: {', '.join(self.attendees)}")

What is the role of the Agile Coach in Agile transformations?

An Agile Coach provides guidance, support, and training to teams and organizations transitioning to Agile methodologies, helping them understand and implement Agile principles and practices effectively.

class AlignmentChecker:
    def __init__(self, agile_teams, business_goals):
        self.agile_teams = agile_teams
        self.business_goals = business_goals

    def check_alignment(self):
        for goal in self.business_goals:
            if goal in self.agile_teams:
                print(f"Alignment achieved for goal: {goal}")

What is the role of the Agile Coach in Agile transformations?

An Agile Coach provides guidance, support, and training to teams and organizations transitioning to Agile methodologies, helping them understand and implement Agile principles and practices effectively.